什么是肺炎?

肺炎 is an infection of one or both of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It is a serious infection in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquid.

• Lobar pneumonia affects one or more sections (lobes) of the lungs.

• Bronchial pneumonia (also known as bronchopneumonia) affects patches throughout both lungs.

肺炎的病因?

There are more than 30 different causes of pneumonia, and they’re grouped by the cause. 肺炎的主要类型有:

• 细菌性肺炎. 这种类型是由各种细菌引起的. 最常见的是 链球菌引起的肺炎. It usually occurs when the body is weakened in some way, 比如生病, 营养不良, 年老的时候, 或者免疫力受损, and the bacteria are able to work their way into the lungs. 细菌性肺炎可影响所有年龄段的人, 但如果你滥用酒精，你的风险更大, 抽烟, 是疲惫不堪的, 最近做过手术, 有呼吸道疾病或病毒感染吗, 或者免疫系统较弱.

• 病毒性肺炎. 这种类型由各种病毒引起, 包括流感(流感), and is responsible for about one-third of all pneumonia cases. You may be more likely to get bacterial pneumonia if you have viral pneumonia.

• 支原体肺炎. This type has somewhat different symptoms and physical signs and is referred to as atypical pneumonia. 它是由细菌引起的 肺炎支原体. It generally causes a mild, widespread pneumonia that affects all age groups.

• 其他肺炎. There are other less common pneumonias that may be caused by other infections including fungi.

谁有患肺炎的风险?

任何人都可能得肺炎. However, the following groups are at the highest risk:

• 65岁及以上的成年人

• 2岁以下儿童

• 有特定疾病的人

• 吸烟的人

肺炎的症状是什么?

细菌性肺炎的症状包括:

• 嘴唇和指甲呈蓝色

• Confused mental state or delirium, especially in older people

• 咳出绿色、黄色或带血粘液的咳嗽

• 发热

• 大量出汗

• 食欲不振

• 精力不足，极度疲劳

• 快速的呼吸

• 快速脉冲

• 打摆子

• Sharp or stabbing chest pain that’s worse with deep breathing or 咳嗽ing

• 呼吸急促，随着活动加重

Early symptoms of viral pneumonia are the same as those of bacterial pneumonia, 其后可接:

• 头疼

• 呼吸越来越急促

• 肌肉疼痛

• 弱点

• 咳嗽加重

支原体肺炎 has somewhat different symptoms, 其中包括可能产生粘液的严重咳嗽.

如何诊断肺炎?

Diagnosis is usually made based on your recent health history (such as surgery, 一个寒冷的, 或旅行暴露)和疾病的程度. 基于这些因素, your healthcare provider may diagnose pneumonia simply on a thorough history and physical exam. The following tests may be used to confirm the diagnosis:

• 胸部x光片. This test takes pictures of internal tissues, bones, 和器官, including the lungs.

• 血液测试. This test may be used to see whether infection is present and if infection has spread to the bloodstream (blood cultures). Arterial blood gas testing checks the amount of oxygen in your bloodstream.

• 痰液培养. This test is done on the material that is 咳嗽ed up from the lungs and into the mouth. It’s often used to see if there’s an infection in the lungs.

• 脉搏血氧测量. An oximeter is a small machine that measures the amount of oxygen in the blood. 一个小传感器被粘在或夹在手指上. When the machine is on, a small red light can be seen in the sensor. The test is painless and the red light does not get hot.

• 胸部CT扫描. This imaging procedure uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce sharp, 详细的水平, 或轴向, 身体的图像(通常称为切片). A CT scan shows detailed images of any part of the body, 包括骨头, 肌肉, 脂肪, 和器官. CT扫描比普通的x光扫描更详细.

• 支气管镜检查. This is direct exam of the bronchi (the main airways of the lungs) using a flexible tube (called a bronchoscope). 它有助于评估和诊断肺部问题, 评估堵塞, and take out samples of tissue and/or fluid for testing,

• 胸膜液培养. In this test, a sample of a fluid sample is taken from the pleural space. 这是肺和胸壁之间的空间. A long, thin needle is put through the skin between the ribs and into the pleural space. Fluid is pulled into a syringe attached to the needle. It is sent to the lab where it’s tested to find out which bacteria is causing the pneumonia.

如何治疗肺炎?

Treatment depends on the type of pneumonia you have. Most of the time, pneumonia is treated at home, but severe cases may be treated in the hospital. 抗生素用于治疗细菌性肺炎. Antibiotics may also speed recovery from mycoplasma pneumonia and some special cases. 大多数病毒性肺炎没有专门的治疗方法. 他们通常会自己好起来.

其他治疗方法可能包括吃好, 增加液体摄入量, 得到休息, 氧气疗法, 疼痛医学, 热控制, 如果咳嗽严重，可以吃止咳药.

肺炎可以预防吗??

Check with your healthcare provider about getting immunizations. 流感是引起肺炎的常见原因. Because of that, getting a flu shot every year can help prevent both the flu and pneumonia.

还有一种肺炎球菌疫苗. It will protect you from a common form of bacterial pneumonia. Children younger than age 5 and adults ages 65 and older should get this shot.

The pneumococcal shot is also recommended for all children and adults who are at increased risk of pneumococcal disease due to other health conditions.

肺炎的并发症有哪些?

Most people with pneumonia respond well to treatment, 但肺炎可能非常严重，甚至致命.

You are more likely to have complications if you are an older adult, 一个很小的孩子, 免疫系统较弱, or have a serious medical problem like diabetes or cirrhosis. 并发症可能包括:

• 急性呼吸窘迫综合征. 这是一种严重的呼吸衰竭.

• 肺部脓肿. These are pockets of pus that form inside or around the lung. 它们可能需要通过手术排出

• 呼吸衰竭. This requires the use of a breathing machine or ventilator.

• 脓毒症. 这时感染进入血液. 它可能导致器官衰竭.

肺炎要点

• 肺炎 is an infection of one or both of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

• There are more than 30 different causes of pneumonia, and they’re grouped by the cause. The main types of pneumonia are bacterial, viral, and mycoplasma pneumonia.

• A 咳嗽 that produces green, yellow, or bloody mucus is the most common symptom of pneumonia. Other symptoms include fever, shaking chills, shortness of breath, low energy, and extreme tiredness.

• 肺炎 can often be diagnosed with a thorough history and physical exam. 用来检查肺部的检查, 血液测试, and tests done on the sputum you 咳嗽 up may also be used.

• Treatment depends on the type of pneumonia you have. 抗生素用于治疗细菌性肺炎. It may also speed recovery from mycoplasma pneumonia and some special cases. Most viral pneumonias don’t have a specific treatment and just get better on their own. 其他治疗方法可能包括健康饮食, 更多的液体, 休息, 氧气疗法, 还有止痛的药, 咳嗽, 还有发烧控制.

• Most people with pneumonia respond well to treatment, but pneumonia can cause serious lung and infection problems. 它甚至是致命的.